Which method provides data confidentiality by converting information into unreadable form?

• A. Access controls
• B. Strong passwords
• C. Encryption
• D. Staff training

Answer: (C)

Data confidentiality is about keeping information unreadable to anyone who isn’t authorized. Encryption does this by turning readable data (plaintext) into unreadable data (ciphertext) using a key. Without the correct decryption key, the transformed data cannot be understood, so it stays protected whether it’s stored or being transmitted. Access controls limit who can reach data, but they don’t by themselves render the data unreadable if it’s accessed. Strong passwords and staff training help with authentication and reducing human risk, but they don’t inherently hide the data content. Encryption is the method that provides confidentiality by converting information into unreadable form.